The Economist’s Presidential Election Forecasting Model
Model designed in collaboration with Merlin Heidemanns and Andrew Gelman (Columbia University)
Last update on Wednesday April 08, 2020 at 10:12 PM EDT
Methodology
Our forecasting model produces predictions for Democratic and Republican two-party vote share at the state and national level for every day in the election campaign. This section describes the method with which it arrives at those predictions.
Following the model description is a summary of how the method performed in the 2008, 2012 and 2016 presidential elections.
Structure
It is useful to think of the model as a combination of pre-election polls with other data about election outcomes, sometimes referred to as the “fundamentals” of the campaign. These data translate the president’s popularity and the economic environment into long-range forecasts of the final election outcome, made as early as March and updated throughout the election year. In the Bayesian sense, the model is using state and national polls to update these prior expectations of the political environment.
We are interested not only in the precise vote-share predictions from the model, but also the level of certainty we do(n’t) have in them. The model is thus made up of three different conceptual components:
- Prior predictions
- Polling averages
- Exploration of uncertainty
The first two are easier to explain than the latter. But before we get there, let’s address what data the model is ingesting.
Data
TK Prior: Head-to-heads + economic index throughout the election year Polls: Well, polls :)
Prior
TK
Poll averaging
TK
Uncertianty (or, how wrong could we be?)
TK
Model performance
Overall:
Select an election for more:
2008
Map
Final electoral college histogram
National and state polls and the electoral college over time
State vs national deltas over time
Model results vs polls vs the prior
Performance
| outlet | ev_wtd_brier | unwtd_brier | states_correct |
|---|---|---|---|
| economist (backtest) | 0.0277172 | 0.0286135 | 49 |
Predictions for each state
2012
Map
Final electoral college histogram
National and state polls and the electoral college over time
State vs national deltas over time
Model results vs polls vs the prior
Performance
| outlet | ev_wtd_brier | unwtd_brier | states_correct |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linzer | NA | 0.0038000 | NA |
| Wang/Ferguson | NA | 0.0076100 | NA |
| Silver/538 | NA | 0.0091100 | NA |
| Jackman/Pollster | NA | 0.0097100 | NA |
| Desart/Holbrook | NA | 0.0160500 | NA |
| economist (backtest) | 0.0316938 | 0.0225292 | 51 |
| Intrade | NA | 0.0281200 | NA |
| Enten/Margin of Error | NA | 0.0507500 | NA |
Predictions for each state
2016
Map
Final electoral college histogram
National and state polls and the electoral college over time
State vs national deltas over time
Model results vs polls vs the prior
Performance
| outlet | ev_wtd_brier | unwtd_brier | states_correct |
|---|---|---|---|
| economist (backtest) | 0.0820646 | 0.057329 | 47 |
| 538 polls-plus | 0.0928000 | 0.066400 | 46 |
| 538 polls-only | 0.0936000 | 0.067200 | 46 |
| princeton | 0.1169000 | 0.074400 | 47 |
| nyt upshot | 0.1208000 | 0.080100 | 46 |
| kremp/slate | 0.1210000 | 0.076600 | 46 |
| pollsavvy | 0.1219000 | 0.079400 | 46 |
| predictwise markets | 0.1272000 | 0.076700 | 46 |
| predictwise overall | 0.1276000 | 0.078300 | 46 |
| desart and holbrook | 0.1279000 | 0.082500 | 44 |
| daily kos | 0.1439000 | 0.086400 | 46 |
| huffpost | 0.1505000 | 0.089200 | 46 |